Receptors on the surface of macrophages, including Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs), sense pathogen components and tell the macrophage to produce and secrete cytokines. These cytokines then recruit other cells to defend the infected tissue. All TLRs trigger an intercellular signaling pathway that leads to the translocation of the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB) from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Once present in the nucleus, NFkB directs the transcription of genes for inflammatory cytokines.
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