p53 is a stress-regulated transcription factor that plays a major role in the cellular response to DNA damage and other genomic aberrations. p53 is phosphorylated at multiple sites in vivo and by several different protein kinases in vitro. Mutation of p53 is the most common genetic change so far identified in a number of major carcinomas. In normal cells, p53 protein level is down-regulated by the binding of proteins such as MDM2, COP1, Pirh2 or JNK1 which promote p53 degradation via the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway.  The aforementioned proteins are up regulated by p53, therefore leading to a regulation loop that maintains p53's low level in normal cells.

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